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24 bit / 96 Khz Recording Standards

1. No normalization.  Audio experts disagree whether normalization "hurts" a file.  From what I understand,  it changes the original content.  Normalization minimizes the dynamic range, so we will do without it.  The main benefit is that we have a "master file" that can be manipulated at future times when technology is better.  The second benefit, is that is allows every individual to manipulate the file to their own liking.  Normalization affects the following two elements of audio.  Range is affected by bringing the high and low frequencies closer together, thereby truly ruining the range.  A great example of this is seen when comparing the dynamic range of a CD to that of an LP.  In order for the record industry to be able to fit all that musical data onto a CD, they had to reduce the range a lot.  Secondly, normalization can cause "rounding errors."  Which means, when calculating the new high & low bit values, it must approximate new values (which would be inaccurate in comparison to the original recording).  The main reason people normalize sound files is "smooth out" the volume across a CD or even to "boost" volume levels.  Instead of normalizing, just crank up the volume dial on your pre-amplifier and stereo.

2. No Volume Adjustment.  I often find that increasing the volume through software can add peak distortion and noise.  Its best to leave overall volume adjustment to the pre-amplifier and stereo.

3. No tracking.  I can't see tracking hurting a studio recording, but it might affect a live recording.  When you splice a wav file "in the middle" it may cause "rounding errors."  I prefer to keep these live shows as one continuous master file.  And, again, allow the end users to manipulate and edit them as they see fit.  PS, I can understand if you want to track it using something like Sound Forge (where it allows you to "drop in" tracks) instead of manually cutting and pasting them into new files.  

4. No sound "cleaning" or manipulation.  Again, let's leave such a task to end users.  

5. Use an external 24 bit / 96 Khz recording capable soundcard.  Depending on how much you want to spend, you can get a very nice soundcard that will last you till the next format change.  The latest external cards do 24 bit / 96 Khz (record) and 192 Khz (playback).  Also, they are now available in 8.1 surround sound.  That should keep you up to date!

        Bit rates and sampling rates  will continue to climb as technology becomes more affordable.  Currently, many affordable soundcards can record 24 bit, 192 Khz wav files.  When possible, please record at the highest quality.  I know some software application will allow you to record in 32 bit (float), but will not allow the file to be saved in the 32 bit rate.  

6. Use high quality playback equipment.  Pretty much anything that is name brand or studio quality.  Names like Sony, Pioneer, Marantz, Teac...

7. Make a text file that details the technical specifics of the transfer.  You should include your name, e-mail contact, playback deck, format, soundcard, recording program, set list, band members, date, location, venue... info like that.  

Original Website Concept: Scott Bakal.  Updated on August 31, 2003 by Ryan Mulberger.